Grid & Трансмисија

Utility grid, transmission networks, distribution systems, DER integration

Повећање напона у индустријским објектима — три узрока, Пет ефеката, и јаз за ублажавање

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Напон расте (1.1–1.8 pu, 0.5 циклуса на 1 мој) cause MOV failures, VFD overvoltage trips, insulation stress, and PLC reboots — often with delayed, hidden damage. Three causes: SLG fault on ungrounded MV (max 1.73 pu on healthy phases), large load rejection, and capacitor bank switching. PT. PLN Sibolga field case: 3-phase fault produced 1.724 pu swell on phase A — DVR reduced to 0.997 pu simultaneously with sag recovery on phase C.

Квалитет електричне енергије у немачком преносном систему — надзор великих размера, Анализа корелације, и дугорочне прогнозе

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85 ИЕЦ 61000-4-30 Class A monitoring sites across 50 substations in the German transmission system — 38 у 110 кВ, 21 у 220 кВ, 26 у 380 кВ. Hierarchical clustering reveals which sites are redundant and which are uniquely informative. Ensemble forecasting of weekly 95th-percentile PQ parameters outperforms any individual model. The first dataset to demonstrate systematic, recurring PQ correlation structures at transmission level driven by inverter-based generation.

Интерхармоници — Поремећај квалитета струје који се не појављује на стандардним хармонијским анализаторима

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Interharmonics — frequency components that are not integer multiples of the fundamental (е.г. 75 Хз, 130 Hz on a 50 Хз систем) — are produced by PV inverters, турбине на ветар, ЕВ пуњачи, cycloconverters, and HVDC links. Their most dangerous effect: an interharmonic at 58 Hz creates an 8 Hz beat frequency — squarely in the range of peak human visual sensitivity. Field case: simultaneous PV + EV charger + microwave on one LV circuit produces stochastic interharmonics causing light flicker. Standard IEC 61000-4-7 analysers cannot correctly characterise them.

Супрахармоничка дисторзија у СН и НН мрежама — Четири документована негативна ефекта и гранични јаз

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Four documented negative effects of supraharmonic distortion (2–150 kHz) on MV and LV distribution networks: power loss and heating from skin effect, dielectric material aging at accelerated stress cycle rates, MV cable termination failures from combined dielectric stress and local heating, and PLC interference in smart metering and demand response systems. Key finding: MV/LV transformer transfer ratio is 0.5–3.0 — some supraharmonic components are amplified crossing from MV to LV. Strong correlation measured at substations 16 km apart. No planning or compatibility limits currently exist above 9 кХз.

ЕВ пуњење и квалитет електричне енергије у ЛВ стамбеним мрежама — од појединачног пуњача до продора у флоту

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Level 2 EV chargers at 7.2 kW produce third-harmonic dominant current that accumulates in the neutral conductor and causes voltage unbalance increasing with distance from the transformer. Monte Carlo simulation across multiple penetration levels shows uncontrolled charging at 30%+ penetration can push VUF beyond 2% at feeder end buses. Smart charging eliminates the problem without hardware mitigation. EV chargers also produce supraharmonic emissions (2–150 kHz) that can disrupt the PLC communications intended to manage EV charging itself.

Неравнотежа напона у мрежама богатим ДЕР - када соларни ПВ помаже, а када не

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Single-phase PV panels can either worsen or improve voltage unbalance on LV feeders — depending entirely on the existing load phase distribution. UPM Madrid analysis on the IEEE European LV Test Feeder shows PV reduced mean VUF from 1.255% до 0.702% in a medium-unbalance scenario, but increased it from 0.787% до 0.963% in a low-unbalance scenario. Equally important: IEEE PVUR1 and PVUR2 indices can overestimate the true VUF by a factor of 10–16× in DER-rich networks — the CIGRE index is the only reliable alternative that requires only line voltage magnitudes.

Неравнотежа напона у високонапонским мрежама — главни међусобно повезани систем Омана

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Voltage unbalance measurements at three 132 kV grid stations in Oman’s Main Interconnected System. All measurements within EN 50160 and Omani code limits. Key finding: the HV transmission network is balanced — unbalance problems at industrial equipment terminals originate downstream, not from the utility.

Супрахармоничне емисије из фотонапонских претварача — нови изазов квалитета електричне енергије

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Supraharmonic emissions (2–150 kHz) from grid-connected PV inverters. Three emission types: narrowband at switching frequency, broadband from switching transients, time-varying with MPPT. Intermodulation between PV inverters and EV chargers creates new frequencies. No regulatory limits currently exist in this range.

Амазинг Интл – Оптимална ефикасност трансформатора коришћењем пондерисаног просечног оптерећења: Беионд ДОЕ 2016

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Mirus International demonstrates why DOE 2016 transformer efficiency ratings miss the mark for harmonic-rich environments. Weighted average loading at harmonic-producing loads requires adjusted efficiency equations — the ULLTRA transformer design achieves high efficiency across the full load spectrum, not just at nameplate rating.

Успостављање односе између Повер Куалити Догађаји да се одреди њихова Соурце

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A crow in medium-voltage switchgear triggered a line-to-ground fault affecting 200+ customers simultaneously across several miles. Four GPS-synchronised I-Sense monitors confirmed a single utility-caused grid event — not 200 separate problems. One customer experienced a 13-hour shutdown from a 3-cycle sag. Utility relay operation records confirmed the cause with microsecond accuracy.

Идентификација нездравих електроенергетских система са не-Цхаратеристиц хармоника

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Non-characteristic harmonics — orders not predicted by the standard 6k±1 formula for 6-pulse rectifiers — appear in power systems with converter firing angle asymmetry, supply unbalance, or multiple overlapping non-linear loads. Schlumberger/IEEE paper presents an identification methodology using harmonic fingerprinting to detect unhealthy power systems from their non-characteristic harmonic signature.

Хармоника филтера дизајн за ублажавање Два Ресонант бодова у дистрибутивној мрежи

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South African distribution network with two resonant points at different harmonic orders — a single-tuned filter addresses one resonance but can amplify the other. Case from Cape Peninsula University of Technology documents the filter design process for a network with two resonant frequencies, requiring a carefully detuned double-tuned filter to address both simultaneously.

Дистрибутед генерација и Квалитет електричне енергије

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Belgian MV distribution network segment used to study the impact of distributed generation technologies (wind, ПВ, CHP) on power quality and voltage stability. Four cable feeders from a 14 МВА 70/10 kV transformer. Analysis shows how DG penetration affects voltage profiles, harmonic injection, and voltage stability — with practical implications for network planning with high DG penetration.

Напон и струја хармоници (Вилеи & Синови)

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Six-pulse converter transformer selection and rating when harmonic spectrum is known. John Wiley Handbook of Power Quality chapter covers K-factor calculation, additional loss estimation, and de-rating methodology for transformers feeding rectifier loads. Provides the calculation procedure engineers need to correctly specify transformers for non-linear load environments.

Смањење напона (Мицропланет Технологија Цорп)

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Over 90% of worldwide facilities operate at voltages higher than required — a consequence of distribution network design that delivers minimum voltage at the far end of the feeder. MicroPlanet’s voltage reduction technology captures wasted energy by operating equipment at optimal voltage, reducing heat losses in electronic components without affecting performance.

Низак напон (Мицропланет Технологија Цорп)

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An Australian utility serving remote outback areas via Single Wire Earth Return systems faced severe power quality complaints — lights flickering, unstable voltage, and very low voltage levels at remote customers. MicroPlanet’s Low Voltage Regulator restored voltage stability and reduced flicker to acceptable levels in areas where traditional network reinforcement was not economically viable.

Фаза неравнотежа проблем (Мицропланет Технологија Цорп)

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A Hawaiian utility’s water supply pumps — driven by 3-phase motors — were burning out within one year of installation due to high voltage and phase imbalance. Voltage unbalance caused negative-sequence currents to overheat motor windings, dramatically shortening service life. MicroPlanet voltage regulation and balancing equipment extended motor life to near-nameplate expectancy.

Коришћење Фортх Цханнел (Хиоки)

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HIOKI PW3198 Channel 4 is isolated from the three voltage measurement channels — enabling DC power supply monitoring, second-circuit measurement, or neutral current measurement simultaneously with three-phase voltage. Practical measurement configurations for complex industrial monitoring scenarios.

Даљински Рад и мерење (Хиоки)

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Remote monitoring of a power quality analyser via LAN using the HTTP server function — no special software required. HIOKI PW3198 screen mirroring at 0.5 second refresh rate with password protection for setting changes. Eliminates the need for on-site technician visits during extended monitoring campaigns.

Синхронизација са ГПС Сат (Хиоки)

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GPS clock synchronisation of the HIOKI PW3198 to UTC with ±2ms accuracy — enabling multi-point power quality measurement under a common time reference. Essential for correlating lightning strike propagation, voltage sag source attribution, and power outage spread across geographically separated monitoring locations.

Соларна електрана генерација (Хиоки)

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Solar PV power conditioners maintain output by monitoring grid voltage and frequency — but malfunction when grid voltage rises above threshold or frequency deviates. Problems include inverter trips, inability to sell back power due to overvoltage, and high-order harmonic injection from neighbouring PV systems. Field measurement identifies the dominant disturbance type.

Прилива и одлива хармоника (Хиоки)

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HIOKI technical guide to determining whether harmonics are flowing from a facility into the grid or from the grid into the facility — the fundamental question for harmonic source attribution. Covers power direction measurement methods, Japanese utility guideline compliance assessment, and field measurement examples showing both inflow and outflow scenarios with the HIOKI PW3198.

Напон дип узрокована Лигхтнинг Стрикес - на дистрибутивном табли (Хиоки)

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HIOKI headquarters building distribution panel recorded 4 voltage dips caused by lightning during a 2-month summer measurement period. Residual voltages and durations documented for each dip — the 6.6 kV supply was affected via the HV distribution network. Lightning-caused voltage dips cannot be prevented by utilities but can be mitigated with surge protection and ride-through equipment at sensitive loads.

Квар руралног трансформатора (Метиљ)

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Rural transformer failure at the end of a medium-voltage feeder serving an apartment complex, dairy farm, and golf course. Fluke investigation found the transformer failed from sustained overloading combined with harmonic current from a variable-speed pump at the dairy farm. Demonstrates that harmonics contribute to transformer failure through additional winding losses — even in rural settings with “clean” loads.

Ветар генерација Квалитет електричне енергије & Питања Интерцоннецт (Дранетз)

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Wind generation plant interconnection requires assessment of harmonics, треперење, флуктуација напона, frequency deviation, and fault ride-through capability. Dranetz monitoring solutions cover both temporary commissioning assessment and permanent 24/7 monitoring for continuous interconnection compliance verification on wind farms of any size.

ПК-СВЦ Систем Решава Волтаге Саг Проблеми за произвођача и других корисника Утилити ПС

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A manufacturer of muffler hangers added large automated welders — producing a 12-cycle, 4% voltage sag at 30-second intervals that caused utility complaints from all circuits at the same substation. The utility faced an impossible choice: lose the 200-employee manufacturer or continue receiving complaints from all other customers. American Superconductor’s PQ-SVC resolved both problems simultaneously.

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