Енергија & Renewables

Wind farms, solar PV, oil & gas, цевоводи, генератори

Интерхармоници — Поремећај квалитета струје који се не појављује на стандардним хармонијским анализаторима

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Interharmonics — frequency components that are not integer multiples of the fundamental (е.г. 75 Хз, 130 Hz on a 50 Хз систем) — are produced by PV inverters, турбине на ветар, ЕВ пуњачи, cycloconverters, and HVDC links. Their most dangerous effect: an interharmonic at 58 Hz creates an 8 Hz beat frequency — squarely in the range of peak human visual sensitivity. Field case: simultaneous PV + EV charger + microwave on one LV circuit produces stochastic interharmonics causing light flicker. Standard IEC 61000-4-7 analysers cannot correctly characterise them.

Неравнотежа напона у мрежама богатим ДЕР - када соларни ПВ помаже, а када не

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Single-phase PV panels can either worsen or improve voltage unbalance on LV feeders — depending entirely on the existing load phase distribution. UPM Madrid analysis on the IEEE European LV Test Feeder shows PV reduced mean VUF from 1.255% до 0.702% in a medium-unbalance scenario, but increased it from 0.787% до 0.963% in a low-unbalance scenario. Equally important: IEEE PVUR1 and PVUR2 indices can overestimate the true VUF by a factor of 10–16× in DER-rich networks — the CIGRE index is the only reliable alternative that requires only line voltage magnitudes.

Супрахармоничне емисије из фотонапонских претварача — нови изазов квалитета електричне енергије

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Supraharmonic emissions (2–150 kHz) from grid-connected PV inverters. Three emission types: narrowband at switching frequency, broadband from switching transients, time-varying with MPPT. Intermodulation between PV inverters and EV chargers creates new frequencies. No regulatory limits currently exist in this range.

Амазинг Интл – Генератори и нелинеарна оптерећења: Како хармонично ублажавање елиминише захтев превелике величине

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Mirus International demonstrates that generators feeding non-linear loads must be derated or oversized to prevent excessive voltage distortion — standard practice adds 20–25% generator capacity. The Wide Spectrum Filter (Lineator) eliminates the oversizing requirement by reducing harmonic current drawn from the generator, enabling right-sized generator selection and significant capital and fuel savings.

Амазинг Интл – Синусни филтер вс. дВ/дТ филтер за ВФД апликације дугих каблова: Непосредно поређење на терену

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Long cable VFD applications produce cable resonance that amplifies dV/dt at the motor terminals — causing insulation stress and premature motor failure. A dV/dt filter limits the voltage rise rate but does not produce a true sine wave. A sinewave filter eliminates both the resonance and the harmonic content. Field comparison at San Antonio Water Authority shows measured motor terminal voltage for both filter types.

Амазинг Интл – Хармонично управљање на даљинском нафтном бушотину: Перформансе боље од 18 импулса по цени од 12 импулса

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Remote oil well site with a single-drive VFD application: multi-pulse transformer approaches were impractical at this location. Mirus Lineator passive filter achieved better than 18-pulse harmonic performance at 12-pulse cost — measured THID below 5% at the drive input. The case demonstrates that passive harmonic filters can outperform multi-pulse transformers in single-drive, isolated applications.

Амазинг Интл – Хармонично ублажавање за контролни центар мотора са напајањем од генератора: Фабрика заслађивања природног гаса

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Natural gas sweetening plant with a generator-fed motor control centre: the generator’s high source impedance amplified harmonic voltage distortion from VFD loads to levels that caused control system malfunctions. Mirus filter selection had to account for the generator impedance characteristics rather than infinite bus assumptions — a common oversight in generator-fed harmonic filter design.

Амазинг Интл – Хармонично ублажавање и подешавање величине генератора – Студија случаја пумпне станице за цевовод

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Pipeline pumping station with generator-fed VFDs: harmonic current from the drives caused the generator to be significantly oversized — adding capital cost and reducing fuel efficiency. Mirus sinewave filter reduced harmonic current to allow generator rightsizing, improving fuel efficiency and reducing the generator procurement cost. Field results show measured harmonic distortion and generator loading before and after.

Амазинг Интл – Синусни филтери за ЕСП заштиту мотора: Студија случаја на терену у дизајну филтера и термичком одговору мотора

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Submersible ESP (Electric Submersible Pump) motors fed via VFDs through long cables: sinewave filter design must account for the cable capacitance, motor inductance, and the filter’s own resonant frequency. Incorrect filter design can produce resonance at a harmonic frequency, amplifying distortion rather than reducing it. Case documents the filter design process and measured thermal response of the motor under harmonic loading.

Статички конвертори и Повер Куалити

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Laboratory measurements on a 2.2 kW adjustable speed drive subjected to controlled voltage dips of varying magnitude and duration. The ASD’s DC bus capacitors and ride-through capability are characterised — showing the boundary between ride-through and trip as a function of sag depth and duration. Provides the experimental basis for ASD immunity specification in sensitive industrial applications.

Дистрибутед генерација и Квалитет електричне енергије

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Belgian MV distribution network segment used to study the impact of distributed generation technologies (wind, ПВ, CHP) on power quality and voltage stability. Four cable feeders from a 14 МВА 70/10 kV transformer. Analysis shows how DG penetration affects voltage profiles, harmonic injection, and voltage stability — with practical implications for network planning with high DG penetration.

Ветра енергије (Хиоки)

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Wind power generation creates unique PQ challenges: output voltage fluctuates with wind speed, frequency deviates from nominal, transient overvoltages occur from lightning and grid switching, and inrush current and harmonics accompany inverter operation. Simultaneous measurement of all parameters is essential for grid interconnection compliance assessment.

Соларна електрана генерација (Хиоки)

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Solar PV power conditioners maintain output by monitoring grid voltage and frequency — but malfunction when grid voltage rises above threshold or frequency deviates. Problems include inverter trips, inability to sell back power due to overvoltage, and high-order harmonic injection from neighbouring PV systems. Field measurement identifies the dominant disturbance type.

Ветар генерација Квалитет електричне енергије & Питања Интерцоннецт (Дранетз)

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Wind generation plant interconnection requires assessment of harmonics, треперење, флуктуација напона, frequency deviation, and fault ride-through capability. Dranetz monitoring solutions cover both temporary commissioning assessment and permanent 24/7 monitoring for continuous interconnection compliance verification on wind farms of any size.

Течни гас и пумпа / Пипелине Апликације (Амерички суперпроводљив)

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Pipeline pump stations are moving to larger motors — 4160V in the 2,000–4,000 HP range, 15kV-class at 8,000–15,000 HP — creating significant flicker, хармоничан, and reactive power management challenges. American Superconductor’s PQ-SVC system provides dynamic reactive compensation enabling larger motor sizes at existing substations without requiring substation upgrades.

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