农村专用大功率单相电机

An IPQDF Technical Resource

介绍

In rural and agricultural settings, three-phase power is often unavailable. Yet many applications—irrigation pumps, grain dryers, livestock operations—requirehigh horsepower (10-100+ HP). This creates a unique engineering challenge: how to deliver substantial mechanical power from a single-phase electrical supply.

Three distinct technologies have addressed this challenge over the past century:

Each has its place in history and modern practice. This guide explores all three.

flowchart TD
    subgraph Challenge["THE CHALLENGE: Rural Single-Phase Power"]
        C1[No Three-Phase Available<br>Farm, Remote Location]
        C2[High Power Required<br>10-100+ HP for Pumps, Grain, Irrigation]
    end

    subgraph Solutions["TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS"]
        S1[ROSENBERG MOTOR<br>1910s-1950s<br>Historical - Obsolete]
        S2[WRITTEN-POLE MOTOR<br>1990s-Present<br>Modern - Low Starting Current]
        S3[VFD + PHASE CONVERTER<br>1980s-Present<br>Variable Speed - Needs Harmonics Mitigation]
    end

    subgraph Selection["SELECTION GUIDE"]
        D1[New Installation? → Use Written-Pole or VFD]
        D2[Existing Rosenberg? → Maintain or Retrofit]
        D3[Variable Speed Needed? → VFD + Converter]
        D4[弱网格? → Written-Pole Preferred]
    end

    Challenge --> Solutions
    Solutions --> Selection

    style Challenge fill:#e1f5fe,行程:#01579b,行程宽度:2px
    style Solutions fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100,stroke-width:2px
    style Selection fill:#e8f5e8,stroke:#1b5e20,stroke-width:2px
    
    style S1 fill:#ffebee,行程:#b71c1c
    style S2 fill:#e8f5e8,stroke:#1b5e20
    style S3 fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#4a148c
    
    style D1 fill:#f3e5f5
    style D2 fill:#ffebee
    style D3 fill:#e1f5fe
    style D4 fill:#e8f5e8

Diagram created by IPQDF.com – Original work

部分 1: 罗森伯格汽车 (Historical Context)

1.1 概观

“Rosenberg Motor (also known as theSteinmetz-Rosenberg Motor) is a historicsingle-phase AC motor 设计开发者查尔斯·普罗透斯·斯坦梅茨 和埃杰. 罗森伯格 1900 年代初期在通用电气. 它是为了解决特定问题而设计的: 交付high horsepower (最多 100 HP) 在没有三相基础设施的农村地区使用单相电源.

而已过时且不再生产, 这些电机仍然可能在老式装置中遇到. 了解它们对于:

• 维护遗留设备
• 电机设计的历史视角
• 欣赏 Written-Pole 和 VFD 技术等现代解决方案

1.2 Key Innovation: 电感绕线

罗森伯格电机的主要贡献是固定电感绕组 与早期的推斥电机相比，提高了功率因数并减少了电刷火花.

1.3 Operating Principle Summary

The motor operated in two modes:

1. Starting (Repulsion Mode): High starting torque (300-400%) with moderate starting current (3-5x FLC)
2. Running (Induction Mode): After centrifugal switch activated at ~75% speed, ran as induction motor

1.4 Why It’s Obsolete

1.5 If You Encounter One Today

Do not install a Rosenberg motor in a new application. If maintaining an existing installation:

• Inspect brushes and commutator regularly
• Keep spare brushes if available
• Plan for replacement with Written-Pole or VFD system
• Document for historical interest

1.6 Quick Facts

部分 2: 写极电机 (现代的)

2.1 概观

“写极电机 是一个现代的单相, 恒速同步电机 专为弱农村电网的高惯性负载. 开发者精密动力公司 20世纪90年代, 它代表了对如何在不干扰电力系统的情况下启动重负载的根本性重新思考 .

这个名字来源于其独特的工作原理: 磁极是“written” 旋转时到达转子表面, 允许极其温和的启动和出色的电压暂降穿越 .

flowchart TD
    subgraph Stator["STATOR ASSEMBLY"]
        Main["Main Winding<br>Single-Phase AC"]
        Exciter["Exciter Winding<br>Magnetic Writing Coil"]
    end
    
    subgraph Rotor["ROTOR ASSEMBLY"]
        铁["Ferromagnetic Layer<br>'Writeable' Magnetic Material"]
        Poles["Written Magnetic Poles<br>Created While Rotating"]
    end
    
    subgraph Operation["OPERATING SEQUENCE"]
        Step1["1. START: Induction Mode<br>Low Current: 2-3x FLC"]
        Step2["2. WRITE: Exciter Writes Poles<br>Onto Rotor Surface"]
        Step3["3. RUN: Synchronous Mode<br>Constant Speed, No Slip"]
        Step4["4. REWRITE: Continuous Process<br>Auto-Resynchronization"]
    end
    
    subgraph Advantage["KEY ADVANTAGES"]
        A1["✓ Ultra-Low Starting Current"]
        A2["✓ Voltage Dip Ride-Through"]
        A3["✓ No Brushes - Low Maintenance"]
        A4["✓ Absorbs Grid Harmonics"]
    end
    
    Main --> Ferro
    Exciter --> Poles
    Poles --> Step3
    Step1 --> Step2 --> Step3 --> Step4
    Operation --> Advantage
    
    style Stator fill:#e1f5fe,行程:#01579b
    style Rotor fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#4a148c
    style Operation fill:#e8f5e8,stroke:#1b5e20
    style Advantage fill:#fff9c4,stroke:#f57f17

2.2 为什么它是革命性的

2.3 建造 & 工作原理

它是如何运作的:

1. 作为感应电机启动: 电机作为小电流感应电机启动, 仅绘图2-3x 满载电流— 大大低于标准电机的 6-10 倍.
2. 磁性书写: 旋转时, “励磁绕组 产生一个磁场 “写” 磁极位于转子表面的特殊铁磁层上. 这是一个连续的过程——随着转子转动，磁极被写入和重写.
3. 同步运行: 一旦写完极点, 转子锁定同步速度 (不打滑) 并作为真正的同步电机以恒定速度运行，无论负载如何 (在其评级范围内).
4. 持续重写: 极点不断被改写, 意思是电机自动重新同步 干扰后——相对于永磁同步电机的一个关键优势 .

2.4 关键性能特征

2.5 The Power Quality Advantage

The Written-Pole motor’s most significant contribution to power quality is itsextremely low starting current 和voltage dip ride-through capability.

Starting Current Comparison

flowchart TD
    subgraph Stator["STATOR ASSEMBLY"]
        Main["Main Winding<br>Single-Phase AC"]
        Exciter["Exciter Winding<br>Magnetic Writing Coil"]
    end
    
    subgraph Rotor["ROTOR ASSEMBLY"]
        铁["Ferromagnetic Layer<br>'Writeable' Magnetic Material"]
        Poles["Written Magnetic Poles<br>Created While Rotating"]
    end
    
    subgraph Operation["OPERATING SEQUENCE"]
        Step1["1. START: Induction Mode<br>Low Current: 2-3x FLC"]
        Step2["2. WRITE: Exciter Writes Poles<br>Onto Rotor Surface"]
        Step3["3. RUN: Synchronous Mode<br>Constant Speed, No Slip"]
        Step4["4. REWRITE: Continuous Process<br>Auto-Resynchronization"]
    end
    
    subgraph Advantage["KEY ADVANTAGES"]
        A1["✓ Ultra-Low Starting Current"]
        A2["✓ Voltage Dip Ride-Through"]
        A3["✓ No Brushes - Low Maintenance"]
        A4["✓ Absorbs Grid Harmonics"]
    end
    
    Main --> Ferro
    Exciter --> Poles
    Poles --> Step3
    Step1 --> Step2 --> Step3 --> Step4
    Operation --> Advantage
    
    style Stator fill:#e1f5fe,行程:#01579b
    style Rotor fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#4a148c
    style Operation fill:#e8f5e8,stroke:#1b5e20
    style Advantage fill:#fff9c4,stroke:#f57f17

电压暂降穿越

While standard induction motors stall when voltage drops below 80-85%, Written-Pole motors can:

• Ride through voltage sags down to 50% 为 5-10 秒
• Continue operating during dips that would trip other motors
• Automatically resynchronize after disturbances
• Reduce nuisance tripping in weak grid areas

2.6 应用

Primary: 乡村的 & 农业

• Irrigation pumps (deep-well, center pivot)
• Oil well pumps (pumpjacks)
• Grain handling (elevators, dryers)
• Dairy operations (vacuum pumps, milkers)

Secondary: Critical Infrastructure

• Standby generator sets (motor starting)
• Water/wastewater treatment (lift stations)
• Mining ventilation (remote sites)
• Telecommunications (backup power)

Tertiary: 产业

• 大风扇 and blowers
• 压缩机 (where variable speed not needed)
• Conveyors (constant speed applications)

2.7 优点 & 缺点

✅ 优点

❌ 缺点

2.8 Written-Pole vs. Other Technologies

2.9 Installation Considerations

Electrical Requirements

• Dedicated single-phase supply at motor voltage
• Disconnect switch and overload protection per NEC/CEC
• 正确接地 for sensitive electronics
• Surge protection recommended for rural areas

Mechanical Considerations

• Concrete pad or sturdy base (motors are heavy)
• Proper alignment with driven equipment
• Vibration isolation if needed
• Weather protection for outdoor installations

Utility Coordination

• Notify utility before installation (especially >25 HP)
• Verify voltage regulation at site
• Consider power factor if on demand metering
• Document starting current for future reference

部分 3: VFD + Phase Converter Systems

3.1 概观

When three-phase power is unavailable but high horsepower is needed for rural applications, 一Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) combined with a phase converter (or a VFD specifically designed for single-phase input) offers a modern, flexible solution. 这种方法允许使用更便宜的标准三相电机, 更有效率, 比大型专用单相电机更容易获得——通过单相电源运行 .

与 Rosenberg 或 Written-Pole 设计等专用单相电机不同, 基于 VFD 的系统提供变速控制, 软启动能力, 和可编程操作-对于现代农业和工业应用越来越有价值的功能 .

3.2 它是如何运作的: 两种方法

方法A: 单相输入变频器 + 三相电机

一些 VFD 专门设计用于接受单相输入电源 交付时三相输出 至电机. 这些驱动器在内部将单相交流电整流为直流电, 然后逆变回变频变压的三相交流电 .

flowchart TD
    subgraph SystemA["APPROACH A: SINGLE-PHASE INPUT VFD"]
        一["Single-Phase Power In<br>230V/480V 50/60Hz"] --> B["正确<br>Converts AC to DC"]
        B --> C["DC Bus Capacitors<br>Energy Storage / Filtering"]
        C --> D["Inverter<br>IGBTs Create 3-Phase AC"]
        D --> E["三相电机<br>Standard Induction"]
        
        F["Control Logic<br>Microprocessor"] --> D
        G["User Interface<br>Speed Control"] --> F
    end
    
    subgraph ProsCons["ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS"]
        PA["✓ No External Converter Needed"]
        PB["✓ Variable Speed Control"]
        PC["✗ Requires Derating<br>10HP VFD → 5-7.5HP Output"]
        帕金森病["✗ Harmonic Generation<br>Needs Filters"]
    end
    
    SystemA --> ProsCons
    
    style SystemA fill:#e1f5fe,行程:#01579b
    style ProsCons fill:#fff9c4,stroke:#f57f17

主要优势: 无需外部相位转换器——VFD 可以完成这两项工作 .

局限性: 单相输入 VFD 通常需要降额. VFD 额定值 10 具有三相输入的 HP 可能只能处理 5-7.5 由于直流总线上的纹波电流较高，HP 采用单相输入 .

方法B: Phase Converter + 标准变频器 + 三相电机

该方法使用专用的相位转换器 从单相电源产生平衡的三相电源, 然后为标准三相 VFD 和电机供电 .

flowchart TD
    subgraph SystemB["APPROACH B: PHASE CONVERTER + STANDARD VFD"]
        一["Single-Phase Power In"] --> B["Phase Converter<br>Rotary or Static"]
        
        subgraph Rotary["ROTARY CONVERTER DETAIL"]
            R1["Idler Motor<br>3-Phase Motor Runs as Generator"]
            R2["电容器<br>For Voltage Balancing"]
            R1 <--> R2
        end
        
        B --> C["Generated Three-Phase Power<br>May Have Imperfect Balance"]
        C --> D["Standard Three-Phase VFD<br>Input: 3-Phase, Output: Variable"]
        D --> E["三相电机"]
        
        乙 -.- Rotary
        
        F["可选: Multiple Motors<br>Can Run Directly from Converter"]
        C --> F
    end
    
    subgraph ProsCons["ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS"]
        PA["✓ Can Use Standard VFDs"]
        PB["✓ Scalable to Multiple Motors"]
        PC["✗ More Complex Installation"]
        帕金森病["✗ Lower Efficiency than Approach A"]
    end
    
    SystemB --> ProsCons
    
    style SystemB fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#4a148c
    style Rotary fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
    style ProsCons fill:#fff9c4,stroke:#f57f17

旋转相位转换器 使用电动发电机组创建第三相，尺寸可达40 惠普及其他 . 它们坚固耐用, 可靠, 并且可以为多个电机提供动力.

3.3 农村应用 & 农业环境

3.4 Advantages of VFD + Phase Converter Systems

3.5 严峻的挑战: 谐波失真

而变频器 + 相位转换器系统具有许多优点, 它们带来了重大的电能质量挑战: 谐波失真.

谐波产生的原因?

单相 VFD 使用二极管桥式整流器 将交流电转换为直流电. 该整流器仅在电压波形的峰值处汲取电流, 创建一个非正弦电流 丰富的和声——尤其是3路, 5日, 和第七个 订单 .

典型谐波电平 (没有缓解措施)

这些级别远远超过 大多数司法管辖区允许的电网连接限制 .

谐波失真的影响

• 变压器过热 (涡流损耗)
• 中性线过载 (三重谐波加入中性)
• 电容器组故障 (与电源电感谐振)
• 计量误差 (some revenue meters inaccurately measure distorted waveforms)
• Interference with communications and sensitive electronics
• Utility penalties 或refusal to connect

3.6 Mitigation Strategies for Harmonics

flowchart TD
    subgraph Mitigation["HARMONIC MITIGATION OPTIONS"]
        direction TB
        
        M1["LINE REACTORS<br>3-5% Impedance"] --> E1["Effect: 25-50% Reduction on 5th/7th<br>Minimal Effect on 3rd Harmonic"]
        
        M2["PASSIVE FILTERS<br>Tuned to Specific Harmonics"] --> E2["Effect: 80-90% Reduction All Orders<br>Fixed Tuning, May Resonate"]
        
        M3["ACTIVE FILTERS<br>Dynamic Cancellation"] --> E3["Effect: 90-95%+ Adaptive<br>Expensive, Adjustable"]
        
        M4["MULTI-PULSE DRIVES<br>12 or 18 脉冲"] --> E4["Effect: Eliminates 5th/7th<br>Requires Transformer, Bulky"]
        
        M5["ACTIVE FRONT END<br>IGBT Rectifiers"] --> E5["Effect: <5% 总谐波失真, Unity PF<br>Highest Cost, Regenerative"]
    end
    
    subgraph Recommendation["RECOMMENDATION BY APPLICATION"]
        R1["Small Systems: 线电抗器 + 无源滤波器"]
        R2["Pumps/Fans: 无源滤波器"]
        R3["Multiple Drives: 有源滤波器"]
        R4["Critical Power: Active Front End"]
    end
    
    Mitigation --> Recommendation
    
    style Mitigation fill:#e1f5fe,行程:#01579b
    style Recommendation fill:#e8f5e8,stroke:#1b5e20

一. Line Reactors and DC Link Chokes

The simplest and most cost-effective mitigation is addingline reactors (on the input) 和/或DC link chokes (internal to the VFD). These inductors smooth current flow and reduce higher-order harmonics.

局限性: Reactors alonecannot adequately suppress the 3rd harmonic in single-phase systems .

乙. Passive Harmonic Filters

Passive filters useinductors and capacitors tuned to specific frequencies to trap harmonics.

• Tuned filters for 3rd, 5日, 7th can be very effective
• Broadband filters (like the Mirus Lineator 1Q3) reduce THD by up to10x
• 简单, 可靠, no power required
• Fixed tuning—may not adapt to changing loads
• Can cause resonance with system impedance

Ç. 有源谐波滤波器

Active filters use power electronics toinject cancelling currents in real time, dynamically neutralizing harmonics.

• Excellent performance across all harmonics, including 3rd
• Adapts to varying load conditions
• More expensive and complex
• Requires power and maintenance
• Often used for larger installations or where multiple VFDs share a bus

ð. 12-Pulse or 18-Pulse Drives

For larger installations, multi-pulse rectifier configurations cancel lower-order harmonics through phase shifting.

• 12-脉冲 effectively eliminates 5th and 7th
• 18-脉冲 also attenuates 11th and 13th
• Requires phase-shifting transformer—bulky and expensive
• Used primarily inlarge industrial applications

它. Active Front End (AFE) 驱动器

AFE drives useIGBT-based rectifiers instead of diode bridges, enabling:

• Near-sinusoidal input current (<5% 总谐波失真)
• Regenerative capability (power back to grid)
• Unity power factor
• Highest cost—justified for large systems or where power quality is critical

3.7 Comparison of Mitigation Options

3.8 Utility Perspective & 合规性

Rural electric cooperatives and utilities are increasingly concerned about harmonic distortion from VFDs and phase converters. Some key considerations:

Utility Requirements (Typical)

• THID < 12% at point of common coupling (often requires filters)
• Individual harmonic limits per IEEE 519 or IEC 61000-3-12
• Pre-installation studies for motors >50 HP
• Some co-opsprohibit phase converters without harmonic filters

3.9 Selection Guide: VFD + Phase Converter vs. Dedicated Single-Phase Motors

3.10 Best Practices for VFD + Phase Converter Installations

1. Assess your load – Is variable speed needed? 如果是, VFD approach is best.
2. Check utility requirements – Some co-ops have harmonic limits; discuss before investing.
3. Size appropriately – Single-phase input VFDs require derating; consult manufacturer.
4. Plan for harmonics – Budget for line reactors (minimum) or harmonic filters (preferred).
5. Consider solar integration – Modern solar VFDs can reduce operating costs to near-zero .
6. Think long-term – Three-phase motors are standard; VFDs can be reused if three-phase becomes available.
7. Document compliance – Keep records of harmonic measurements for utility or regulatory purposes.

部分 4: Comparison & Selection Guide

4.1 Technology Comparison Matrix

4.2 针对具体应用的建议

For Irrigation Pumps

• Best: VFD + Phase Converter (variable flow saves water/energy)
• 好: 书面杆 (if constant flow acceptable)
• Avoid: 罗森伯格 (obsolete, parts unavailable)

For Grain Handling (Conveyors, Elevators)

• Best: VFD + Phase Converter (speed matching between equipment)
• 好: 书面杆 (if single speed adequate)
• Avoid: 罗森伯格 (maintenance intensive)

For Remote/Off-Grid Sites

• Best: 书面杆 (lowest starting current, minimal grid impact)
• 好: VFD + 太阳能 (if renewable energy available)
• Avoid: 罗森伯格 (requires maintenance access)

For Critical Processes (Water Treatment, Lift Stations)

• Best: 书面杆 (ride-through capability)
• 好: VFD with ride-through configured
• Avoid: 罗森伯格 (unreliable for critical duty)

4.3 Decision Flowchart

flowchart TD
    Start(["START: Need High Power from Single-Phase?"]) --> Q1{"New Installation or Existing?"}
    
    Q1 -->|New Installation| Q2{"Variable Speed Required?"}
    Q1 -->|Existing Rosenberg Motor| Legacy["Evaluate for Replacement"]
    
    Legacy --> L1["Can you maintain brushes?"]
    L1 -->|Yes - 临时| Temp["Continue with Maintenance Plan"]
    L1 -->|不 - Replace| Q2
    
    Q2 -->|Yes| VFD["VFD + Phase Converter System"]
    Q2 -->|不| Q3{"弱网格?<br>Voltage Dip Concerns?"}
    
    Q3 -->|Yes| WP["写极电机"]
    Q3 -->|不| Q4{"Budget Available?"}
    
    Q4 -->|优质的| WP2["写极电机<br>Best Grid Compatibility"]
    Q4 -->|标准| VFD2["VFD + Converter with Line Reactors"]
    Q4 -->|Limited| Retro["Consider Used Equipment?<br>⚠️ Not Recommended"]
    
    VFD --> H1["Add Harmonic Filters<br>Check Utility Requirements"]
    VFD2 --> H1
    WP --> H2["Verify 50 HP Limit<br>Order Lead Time 6-12 Weeks"]
    WP2 --> H2
    Retro --> H3["Inspect Thoroughly<br>Plan Future Replacement"]
    
    H1 --> Final(["Implementation"])
    H2 --> Final
    H3 --> Final
    Temp --> Final
    
    style Start fill:#e1f5fe,行程:#01579b,行程宽度:3px
    style Q1 fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
    style Q2 fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
    style Q3 fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
    style Q4 fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#e65100
    style VFD fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#4a148c
    style VFD2 fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#4a148c
    style WP fill:#e8f5e8,stroke:#1b5e20
    style WP2 fill:#e8f5e8,stroke:#1b5e20
    style Legacy fill:#ffebee,行程:#b71c1c
    style Retro fill:#ffebee,行程:#b71c1c
    style Temp fill:#fff9c4,stroke:#f57f17
    style Final fill:#fff9c4,stroke:#f57f17,stroke-width:2px

部分 5: 参考文献 & Further Reading

标准

Manufacturer Resources

• 精密动力公司 – Written-Pole Motor documentation
• Mitsubishi Electric – Single-phase input VFD application guides
• Mirus International – Harmonic filter design for single-phase systems
• Phase Converter manufacturers – Rotary and static converter sizing

部分 6: Mobile-Friendly Summary Cards

Mobile Card 1: Rosenberg Motor (Quick Facts)

graph TD
    subgraph Mobile1["📱 ROSENBERG MOTOR - QUICK FACTS"]
        direction TB
        R1["📅 Era: 1910s-1950s"]
        R2["⚡ 功率: 5-100 HP"]
        R3["🔧 Type: Repulsion-Start Induction-Run"]
        R4["📈 Start Current: 3-5x FLC"]
        R5["⚠️ Status: OBSOLETE"]
        R6["✅ Pros: High Power, High Torque"]
        R7["❌ Cons: Brushes, Low Efficiency"]
        R8["🎯 Best For: Legacy Equipment Only"]
    end
    
    style Mobile1 fill:#ffebee,行程:#b71c1c,行程宽度:3px

Mobile Card 2: 写极电机 (Quick Facts)

graph TD
    subgraph Mobile2["📱 WRITTEN-POLE MOTOR - QUICK FACTS"]
        direction TB
        W1["📅 Era: 1990s-Present"]
        W2["⚡ 功率: 1-50 HP"]
        W3["🔧 Type: Synchronous with Written Poles"]
        W4["📈 Start Current: 2-3x FLC"]
        W5["✅ Pros: Grid-Friendly, Low Maintenance"]
        W6["❌ Cons: Higher Cost, Fixed Speed"]
        W7["🎯 Best For: Weak Grids, Critical Loads"]
    end
    
    style Mobile2 fill:#e8f5e8,stroke:#1b5e20,stroke-width:3px

Mobile Card 3: VFD + Phase Converter (Quick Facts)

graph TD
    subgraph Mobile3["📱 VFD + PHASE CONVERTER - QUICK FACTS"]
        direction TB
        V1["📅 Era: 1980s-Present"]
        V2["⚡ 功率: 1-500+ HP"]
        V3["🔧 Type: Electronic Conversion"]
        V4["📈 Start Current: 1.5-2x FLC"]
        V5["✅ Pros: Variable Speed, Standard Motors"]
        V6["❌ Cons: 谐波, Needs Filters"]
        2013["🎯 Best For: 泵, 粉丝, Variable Loads"]
    end
    
    style Mobile3 fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#4a148c,行程宽度:3px

📚 参考文献 & Further Reading

Standards Organizations

Technical Papers & Articles

Historical References

• 通用电气（General Electric）. (1910s-1950s). Induction-Repulsion Motor Technical Bulletins. GE Publication Archives.
• Steinmetz, C.P. (1915). Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena. 麦格劳 - 希尔.
• Behrend, B.A. (1921). The Induction Motor. 麦格劳 - 希尔.

Download complete references document 这里.

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