问题描述
Motor failures can be mysterious. 常, the mechanical loads on the motors have not changed and other loads connected to the same service appear to work normally — yet, the motors just fail. The cause of these mysterious failures is frequently a power quality deficiency. 所以, the motor rewind industry has become involved in power quality troubleshooting. In this case history, the supervisor of a motor rewind shop investigated a rash of failures at a small machine shop.
His investigation process began with a series of questions to search for any pattern that might be common to the failed units, and to see what had changed since the time before the problem surfaced.
常, the pattern is one of age. 在这种情况下, there was no age pattern — some of the failed motors were nearly new. Others were much older, and some of these had been rewound at the motor shop. 但, there was a pattern: all the failed units had been carrying full mechanical loads and the windings showed evidence of overheating.
The machine shop itself hadn’t undergone any changes. But an insurance company had moved into a new building next door. And they had done so at about the time when the motor failures began. The same utility transformer supplied both buildings (见图. 1).
测量
The motor shop supervisor suspected that non-linear loads within the insurance building were distorting the voltage being supplied to the machine shop. He connected his Fluke 43B phase-to-phase at the machine shop’s main service panel. The Fluke 43B showed the voltage waveform was flattopped, with a total harmonic distortion (总谐波失真) 的 7.8 %. It’s significant to note that the 5th harmonic was the dominant bar on the harmonics display — a fact key to the analysis of the problem.
The supervisor made some additional measurements on motors operating in the machine shop. He compared the current drawn by fully loaded motors to the full load amps (FLA) value shown on the nameplates. The measured values were, by a small amount, consistently higher than the nameplate values.
理论与分析
The 5th harmonic is “negative sequence” when compared to the fundamental. That is, 5th harmonic current flowing in a 3-phase induction motor will produce a magnetic field that tries to run the motor backwards. In effect, the torque produced by the 5th harmonic subtracts from the torque generated by the fundamental. This causes the motor to draw more fundamental current to offset the negative torque. The additional current produces additional internal heating.
In the case of the machine shop, non-linear loads in the neighboring insurance building caused 5th harmonic distortion on the supply voltage. Computer and office machine loads connected to the 120 V receptacles were generating 3rd, 5日, 7日, 9日, and 11th harmonic currents. When these currents reached the 120/208 V transformer, the balanced portion of the zero sequence harmonics (例如, 3路, 9日) were trapped in the delta primary but the 5th, 7日, and 11th passed through. These reached the secondary of the utility transformer, where they caused the voltage distortion measured at the machine shop service.
大多数标准感应电机都需要电源电压畸变 (总谐波失真) 成为 5 % 或更少, 如果电机承载满机械负载. 这意味着市电电压的谐波失真不得超过 5 %, 如果最终用户设施具有满载感应电机.
解
实用性, 当收到关于电压畸变问题的通知时, 同意安装一个单独的变压器，仅供机械车间使用. Fluke 43B 显示电压失真
新变压器仅 3.3 % — 小于之前值的一半.
源:
福禄克公司
PO Box 9090, 埃弗雷特, 美国华盛顿州 98206
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