Опис проблема
Ова историја случаја је класичан пример важности систематског приступа решавању проблема. Укључује извођача који ради са неколико високотехнолошких производних погона.
Случај је почео посетом на лицу места управнику зграде који је био фрустриран својим електричним системом. Према речима управника, Чинило се да ништа електрично у његовој згради не ради како треба и нико није могао да утврди зашто или да понуди решење. Менаџер је даље рекао да су три његова електричара дала отказ и да је сада у великој невољи.
Извођач је поставио многа питања — покушавајући да добије детаљнију слику проблема. Овај напор се показао неуспешним, па је извођач радова тражио да га одведу у онај део зграде где су проблеми били највећи. He was following the axiom, “When in doubt, start at the victim load.”
In a far corner, a large medical machine was going through a critical test procedure. The machine was equipped with a large display screen, a keyboard and a control panel with several cables and hoses leading to other pieces of equipment. The operator display screen showed the test procedure was in progress.
Next to the machine was a workbench set up for circuit board repair. The workbench had a soldering iron, a lighted magnifying lens and a fan. The workbench power strip plugged into the same receptacle as the large medical machine. As the contractor watched, the person at the workbench reached over and turned on the fan. At that moment, the operator display screen momentarily went blank and then came back on with the words “Program Reset” displayed in large letters.
Мерења
The contractor measured the voltage at the receptacle feeding both loads. His Fluke 87 true-rms DMM measured 115 У. The building manager repeated the measurement with his Fluke 27 average-responding DMM, which displayed 118 У. Why did the true-rms unit read lower?
True-rms instruments will give correct, but lower readings than average-responding instruments on square waves or waveforms that look like square waves or waveforms that look like square waves. The contractor connected his Fluke 43B and displayed the voltage waveform. The display showed that the waveform (simulated in Fig. 1) was severely clipped at the top — making it more like a square wave than a sine wave. The peak value measured only 135 У, rather than the expected 162 У.
The contractor then drew a one-line diagram of the system. The one-line showed that the transformer supplying the test area was at the opposite end of the building — almost 500 feet away (види сл. 2). The majority of the loads on that transformer were non-linear, and they were drawing high peak currents at the peak of the voltage. The combination of high peak currents and high impedance of the long run combined to produce severe voltage clipping at the end of the circuit — right where the test area was.
Теорија и анализа
Since the medical machine’s internal circuits operated on low voltage dc, the internal power supply would have a diode/capacitor input circuit that required a certain minimum peak voltage for proper operation. The nameplate on the medical machine showed the machine needed a supply voltage between 100 и 135 V rms ac. The engineers who designed the machine and specified the nameplate assumed the supply voltage would be a sine wave, so the minimum peak would be 141 V peak (100 к 1.41). Since the measured value of the peak input voltage was only 135 У, the machine was running on a peak voltage that was already 6 V below the absolute minimum required. When the fan was turned on, the surge current drawn by the fan motor further reduced the voltage to a point where the power supply of the machine went out of regulation. This is what caused the machine to reset.
Решење
Проблем одсецања вршног напона (равним преливом) је уобичајено у високотехнолошким зградама. Многе зграде које се сада користе нису биле дизајниране да издрже велики број рачунара и нелинеарних оптерећења која су данас типична. У овом случају, било би потребно опсежно поновно ожичење да би се смањио пад напона између трансформатора и оптерећења. Алтернатива би била померање најосетљивијих оптерећења ближе трансформатору.
Извор:
Флуке Цорпоратион
ПО Бок 9090, Еверетт, ВА УСА 98206
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